home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
Unknown | 2001-03-08 | 2.8 KB |
open in:
MacOS 8.1
|
Win98
|
DOS
view JSON data
|
view as text
This file was not able to be converted.
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Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
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100%
| file
| data
| default
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hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 17 00 00 00 89 05 00 00 | 89 05 00 00 89 05 00 00 |........|........|
|00000010| 6e 04 00 00 c5 41 00 00 | 82 2e 00 00 00 00 ae 01 |n....A..|........|
|00000020| 01 00 0e 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 fc 05 00 00 |........|........|
|00000030| 52 65 66 6c 65 78 65 73 | 0a 0a 41 20 72 65 66 6c |Reflexes|..A refl|
|00000040| 65 78 20 69 73 20 61 6e | 20 69 6e 76 6f 6c 75 6e |ex is an| involun|
|00000050| 74 61 72 79 20 72 65 61 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 |tary rea|ction of|
|00000060| 20 61 20 6d 75 73 63 6c | 65 20 74 6f 20 61 20 73 | a muscl|e to a s|
|00000070| 74 69 6d 75 6c 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 |timulati|on from |
|00000080| 6f 75 74 73 69 64 65 20 | 74 68 65 20 62 6f 64 79 |outside |the body|
|00000090| 2e 20 41 20 72 65 66 6c | 65 78 20 73 74 69 6d 75 |. A refl|ex stimu|
|000000a0| 6c 75 73 20 69 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 70 69 6e 61 |lus in t|he spina|
|000000b0| 6c 20 63 6f 72 64 20 28 | 6d 65 64 75 6c 6c 61 20 |l cord (|medulla |
|000000c0| 73 70 69 6e 6f 73 61 29 | 20 69 73 20 70 61 73 73 |spinosa)| is pass|
|000000d0| 65 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 | 74 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 74 |ed direc|tly to t|
|000000e0| 68 65 20 6d 6f 74 6f 72 | 20 70 61 74 68 77 61 79 |he motor| pathway|
|000000f0| 2e 20 57 69 74 68 20 63 | 6f 6e 73 63 69 6f 75 73 |. With c|onscious|
|00000100| 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 6f | 6e 73 2c 20 6f 6e 20 74 | reactio|ns, on t|
|00000110| 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 | 20 68 61 6e 64 2c 20 69 |he other| hand, i|
|00000120| 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 |nformati|on from |
|00000130| 74 68 65 20 73 70 69 6e | 61 6c 20 63 6f 72 64 20 |the spin|al cord |
|00000140| 69 73 20 70 61 73 73 65 | 64 20 73 74 72 61 69 67 |is passe|d straig|
|00000150| 68 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 20 62 72 61 69 6e 20 |ht to th|e brain |
|00000160| 28 63 65 72 65 62 72 75 | 6d 29 2c 20 77 68 65 72 |(cerebru|m), wher|
|00000170| 65 20 69 74 20 61 77 61 | 69 74 73 20 66 75 72 74 |e it awa|its furt|
|00000180| 68 65 72 20 69 6e 73 74 | 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 |her inst|ructions|
|00000190| 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 66 | 6f 75 6e 64 61 74 69 6f |...The f|oundatio|
|000001a0| 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 | 72 65 66 6c 65 78 20 69 |n for a |reflex i|
|000001b0| 73 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 | 66 6c 65 78 20 61 72 63 |s the re|flex arc|
|000001c0| 2c 20 63 6f 6d 70 72 69 | 73 69 6e 67 20 6d 61 6e |, compri|sing man|
|000001d0| 79 20 70 61 72 74 73 20 | 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 6f |y parts |which to|
|000001e0| 67 65 74 68 65 72 20 66 | 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 66 75 |gether f|orm a fu|
|000001f0| 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c | 20 75 6e 69 74 2e 20 41 |nctional| unit. A|
|00000200| 20 72 65 63 65 70 74 6f | 72 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 | recepto|r regist|
|00000210| 65 72 73 20 69 6e 63 6f | 6d 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 66 |ers inco|ming inf|
|00000220| 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 61 6e 64 20 70 61 73 |ormation| and pas|
|00000230| 73 65 73 20 69 74 20 6f | 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 20 |ses it o|n to an |
|00000240| 61 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 | 20 20 6e 65 75 72 6f 6e |afferent| neuron|
|00000250| 20 28 63 6f 6e 64 75 63 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 6c 69 6e | (conduc|tion lin|
|00000260| 6b 29 2c 20 77 68 69 63 | 68 20 69 6e 20 74 75 72 |k), whic|h in tur|
|00000270| 6e 20 70 61 73 73 65 73 | 20 6f 6e 20 69 6d 70 75 |n passes| on impu|
|00000280| 6c 73 65 73 20 74 6f 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 70 69 6e |lses to |the spin|
|00000290| 61 6c 20 63 6f 72 64 2e | 20 41 74 20 61 20 63 6f |al cord.| At a co|
|000002a0| 6e 74 61 63 74 20 70 6f | 69 6e 74 20 28 73 79 6e |ntact po|int (syn|
|000002b0| 61 70 73 65 29 2c 20 61 | 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 |apse), a| switch |
|000002c0| 69 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 | 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 |is made |from the|
|000002d0| 20 73 65 6e 73 6f 72 79 | 20 74 6f 20 61 20 6d 6f | sensory| to a mo|
|000002e0| 74 6f 72 20 6e 65 72 76 | 65 20 63 65 6c 6c 2e 20 |tor nerv|e cell. |
|000002f0| 54 68 65 73 65 20 69 6d | 70 75 6c 73 65 73 20 6c |These im|pulses l|
|00000300| 65 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 70 69 6e 61 6c 20 |eave the| spinal |
|00000310| 63 6f 72 64 20 61 6e 64 | 20 70 72 6f 67 72 65 73 |cord and| progres|
|00000320| 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 | 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 6f |s to the| effecto|
|00000330| 72 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 20 | 76 69 61 20 61 6e 20 65 |r organ |via an e|
|00000340| 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 | 6e 65 75 72 6f 6e 2e 0a |fferent |neuron..|
|00000350| 0a 4f 6e 65 20 65 78 61 | 6d 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 |.One exa|mple of |
|00000360| 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f | 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 20 |this pro|cess is |
|00000370| 74 68 65 20 6b 6e 65 65 | 2d 6a 65 72 6b 20 72 65 |the knee|-jerk re|
|00000380| 66 6c 65 78 2e 20 48 69 | 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 |flex. Hi|tting th|
|00000390| 65 20 6d 75 73 63 75 6c | 75 73 20 71 75 61 64 72 |e muscul|us quadr|
|000003a0| 69 63 65 70 73 20 66 65 | 6d 6f 72 69 73 20 77 69 |iceps fe|moris wi|
|000003b0| 74 68 20 61 20 72 65 66 | 6c 65 78 20 68 61 6d 6d |th a ref|lex hamm|
|000003c0| 65 72 20 63 61 75 73 65 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 75 |er cause|s the mu|
|000003d0| 73 63 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 | 65 78 74 65 6e 64 20 73 |scle to |extend s|
|000003e0| 75 64 64 65 6e 6c 79 2e | 20 54 68 69 73 20 65 78 |uddenly.| This ex|
|000003f0| 74 65 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 | 69 73 20 70 61 73 73 65 |tension |is passe|
|00000400| 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 70 69 6e |d on to |the spin|
|00000410| 61 6c 20 63 6f 72 64 20 | 20 28 6d 65 64 75 6c 6c |al cord | (medull|
|00000420| 61 20 73 70 69 6e 61 6c | 69 73 29 20 76 69 61 20 |a spinal|is) via |
|00000430| 74 68 65 20 6d 75 73 63 | 6c 65 20 73 70 69 6e 64 |the musc|le spind|
|00000440| 6c 65 73 2e 20 48 65 72 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f |les. Her|e the mo|
|00000450| 74 6f 72 20 61 6e 74 65 | 72 69 6f 72 20 68 6f 72 |tor ante|rior hor|
|00000460| 6e 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 | 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 |n cells |cause th|
|00000470| 65 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 | 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 |e muscle| to cont|
|00000480| 72 61 63 74 2e 20 50 72 | 6f 70 72 69 6f 63 65 70 |ract. Pr|opriocep|
|00000490| 74 69 76 65 20 6d 75 73 | 63 75 6c 61 72 20 72 65 |tive mus|cular re|
|000004a0| 66 6c 65 78 65 73 20 75 | 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 |flexes u|sually t|
|000004b0| 61 6b 65 20 70 6c 61 63 | 65 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e |ake plac|e within|
|000004c0| 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 65 67 | 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 | one seg|ment of |
|000004d0| 74 68 65 20 73 70 69 6e | 61 6c 20 63 6f 72 64 2e |the spin|al cord.|
|000004e0| 20 48 65 72 65 20 6f 6e | 65 20 73 65 6e 73 6f 72 | Here on|e sensor|
|000004f0| 79 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e | 65 20 6d 6f 74 6f 72 20 |y and on|e motor |
|00000500| 6e 65 72 76 65 20 63 65 | 6c 6c 20 61 72 65 20 6a |nerve ce|ll are j|
|00000510| 6f 69 6e 65 64 20 28 6d | 6f 6e 6f 73 79 6e 61 70 |oined (m|onosynap|
|00000520| 74 69 63 20 72 65 66 6c | 65 78 29 2e 0a 0a 57 69 |tic refl|ex)...Wi|
|00000530| 74 68 20 66 6f 72 65 69 | 67 6e 20 72 65 66 6c 65 |th forei|gn refle|
|00000540| 78 65 73 2c 20 6d 75 73 | 63 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 |xes, mus|cle cont|
|00000550| 72 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 20 61 72 65 20 74 72 69 |ractions| are tri|
|00000560| 67 67 65 72 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 6b |ggered b|y the sk|
|00000570| 69 6e 2e 20 53 74 72 6f | 6b 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 |in. Stro|king the|
|00000580| 20 74 75 6d 6d 79 2c 20 | 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d | tummy, |for exam|
|00000590| 70 6c 65 2c 20 63 61 75 | 73 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 |ple, cau|ses the |
|000005a0| 61 62 64 6f 6d 69 6e 61 | 6c 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 |abdomina|l muscle|
|000005b0| 73 20 74 6f 20 74 65 6e | 73 65 20 28 61 62 64 6f |s to ten|se (abdo|
|000005c0| 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 77 61 | 6c 6c 20 72 65 66 6c 65 |minal wa|ll refle|
|000005d0| 78 29 2e 20 53 65 76 65 | 72 61 6c 20 6e 65 72 76 |x). Seve|ral nerv|
|000005e0| 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 75 | 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 |es are u|sually i|
|000005f0| 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 | 68 65 72 65 20 28 73 65 |nvolved |here (se|
|00000600| 76 65 72 61 6c 20 63 6f | 6e 74 61 63 74 20 70 6f |veral co|ntact po|
|00000610| 69 6e 74 73 2f 20 70 6f | 6c 79 73 79 6e 61 70 74 |ints/ po|lysynapt|
|00000620| 69 63 20 72 65 66 6c 65 | 78 29 2e 0a 00 f6 04 00 |ic refle|x)......|
|00000630| 00 24 00 03 00 0a 00 01 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.$......|........|
|00000640| 00 03 00 01 00 01 00 08 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 |........|......@.|
|00000650| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 09 00 2a 00 00 00 00 |......P.|...*....|
|00000660| 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 50 02 00 33 00 01 |..@.....|..P..3..|
|00000670| 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 |........|......P.|
|00000680| 00 34 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |.4......|..@.....|
|00000690| 00 00 50 02 00 34 00 06 | 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 01 |..P..4..|........|
|000006a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 3a 00 41 00 00 00 00 |......P.|.:.A....|
|000006b0| 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 50 02 00 7b 00 01 |..@.....|..P..{..|
|000006c0| 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 |........|......P.|
|000006d0| 00 7c 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |.|......|..@.....|
|000006e0| 00 00 50 02 00 7c 00 0b | 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 02 |..P..|..|........|
|000006f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 87 00 00 00 00 00 00 |......P.|........|
|00000700| 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 50 02 00 87 00 01 |..@.....|..P.....|
|00000710| 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 |........|......P.|
|00000720| 00 88 00 01 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |........|..@.....|
|00000730| 00 00 50 03 00 89 00 0f | 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 |..P.....|......@.|
|00000740| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 98 00 92 00 00 00 00 |......P.|........|
|00000750| 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 50 02 00 2a 01 01 |..@.....|..P..*..|
|00000760| 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 |........|......P.|
|00000770| 00 2b 01 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |.+......|..@.....|
|00000780| 00 00 50 02 00 2b 01 05 | 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 03 |..P..+..|........|
|00000790| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 30 01 02 00 00 00 00 |......P.|.0......|
|000007a0| 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 50 03 00 32 01 08 |..@.....|..P..2..|
|000007b0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 |......@.|......P.|
|000007c0| 00 3a 01 e0 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |.:......|..@.....|
|000007d0| 00 00 50 02 00 1a 02 01 | 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 00 |..P.....|........|
|000007e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 1b 02 00 00 00 00 00 |......P.|........|
|000007f0| 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 50 02 00 1b 02 06 |..@.....|..P.....|
|00000800| 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 04 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 |........|......P.|
|00000810| 00 21 02 5d 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |.!.]....|..@.....|
|00000820| 00 00 50 03 00 7e 02 07 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 |..P..~..|......@.|
|00000830| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 85 02 de 00 00 00 00 |......P.|........|
|00000840| 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 50 03 00 63 03 1b |..@.....|..P..c..|
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|00000860| 00 7e 03 6d 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |.~.m....|..@.....|
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|000008b0| 00 db 04 64 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |...d....|..@.....|
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|000008d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 | 00 43 05 2e 00 00 00 00 |......P.|.C......|
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|000008f0| 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 07 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 02 |........|......P.|
|00000900| 00 82 05 7b 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 |...{....|..@.....|
|00000910| 00 00 50 10 ff 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 bc 02 00 00 00 |..P.....|........|
|00000920| 00 00 00 02 22 41 72 69 | 61 6c 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...."Ari|al......|
|00000930| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000940| 00 00 00 00 00 38 ff 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 90 01 00 |.....8..|........|
|00000950| 00 00 00 00 00 02 22 41 | 72 69 61 6c 00 00 00 00 |......"A|rial....|
|00000960| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000970| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 38 | ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 90 |.......8|........|
|00000980| 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 02 | 22 41 72 69 61 6c 00 00 |........|"Arial..|
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|000009a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 01 00 01 00 09 00 01 |........|........|
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|000009c0| 01 01 00 64 01 20 03 01 | 00 21 03 21 03 01 00 22 |...d. ..|.!.!..."|
|000009d0| 03 fd 04 01 00 fe 04 fe | 04 01 00 ff 04 fc 05 01 |........|........|
|000009e0| 00 fd 05 fd 05 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
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|00000a10| 13 01 20 16 01 e4 18 01 | a8 1b 01 6c 1e 01 30 21 |.. .....|...l..0!|
|00000a20| 01 f4 23 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..#.....|........|
|00000a30| 00 00 00 41 00 72 00 69 | 00 61 00 6c 00 00 00 00 |...A.r.i|.a.l....|
|00000a40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a50| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a60| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a80| 00 00 00 41 00 72 00 69 | 00 61 00 6c 00 00 00 00 |...A.r.i|.a.l....|
|00000a90| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000aa0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
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|00000ac0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000ad0| 00 00 00 41 00 72 00 69 | 00 61 00 6c 00 00 00 00 |...A.r.i|.a.l....|
|00000ae0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
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|00000b20| 00 00 00 e4 04 00 00 | |....... | |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+